Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere
Peter Borrell and Patricia M. Borrell, Editors
A major environmental concern is the increasing burden on all scales of photo-oxidants, acidifying substances and potential nutrients in the troposphere. These lead to episodes of summer smog, and appreciable damage to eco-systems both on land and at sea. Underlying the environmental effects is the complex scientific problem of linking the man-made and biological emissions to the myriad chemical reactions that transform the pollutants as they are transported to and deposited in the surroundings and also pristine areas remote from the sources. The project, the scientific results of which are described in this book, was set up to study the problem in an inter-disciplinary way by co-ordinating the work of more than 150 research groups in some twenty countries. The book deals with all the scientific aspects of the problem, ranging from laboratory and field studies to complex computer modelling and instrument development. As such it presents a lively picture of the subject, written by acknowledged experts in the field. The book contains analyses of the trends in pollutant concentrations in the 20th Century, and gives not only the detailed overviews of the scientific fields that constitute the atmospheric sciences, but also numerous suggestions for the future work that will necessary before the required scientific guidance can be given with sufficient confidence to those responsible for environmental policy development for the troposphere.
Part I An Overview and Synthesis of the Scientific Results
Chapter 1 EUROTRAC: Organisation, Structure and Achievements
Peter Borrell and Peringe Grennfelt1.1 EUROTRAC: definition; objectives 3
1.2 The historical context 4
1.3 The principal areas of scientific interest 6
1.4 The subprojects and working groups 7
1.5 The direction and management of EUROTRAC 8
1.6 The funding of EUROTRAC 9
1.7 Evaluation of progress. 10
1.8 The Application Project 11
1.9 Links to environmental policy development 12
1.10 Some other achievements of EUROTRAC 12
1.11 Some lessons learned from EUROTRAC 13
1.12 Future needs - EUROTRAC-2 15
1.13 References 17
Chapter 2 Photo-oxidants
Anthony R. Marsh and Peter Borrell2.1 Introduction: photo-oxidants, tropospheric ozone and EUROTRAC 19
2.2 Photo-oxidant formation and its relationship to policy development 20
2.3 Reactions and mechanisms involved in photo-oxidant formation .25
2.4 Observations in the atmosphere 28
2.5 Modelling studies 38
2.6 Uncertainties remaining 42
2.7 References 43
3.1 Introduction 45
Chapter 3 Research on Clouds within EUROTRAC
Sandro Fuzzi and Adolf Ebel3.2 Main results of cloud research within EUROTRAC 48
3.3 The Cloud Group, the integration of competencies required for cloud research and the assessment of future research needs 63
3.4 References 65
Chapter 4 Surface Exchange
Niels Otto Jensen and Casimiro A. Pio4.1 Introduction . 69
4.2 Ozone deposition: the effect of NO emission from soil bacteria 71
4.3 Emission of volatile organic compounds from plants 72
4.4 Input of nitrogen and eutrophication of coastal waters 76
4.5 Emission from the coastal waters by spray formation 76
4.6 New developments in experimental techniques for flux measurements and future needs 77
4.7 Conclusions 81
4.8 References 81
Chapter 5 Chemical Transfer and Transport Modelling
Adolf Ebel 855.1 Introduction 85
5.2 Models 88
5.3 Model input, initialisation and boundary conditions 93
5.4 Application of models and results 98
5.5 Model comparison and evaluation 112
5.6 Conclusions 114
5.7 References 116
Chapter 6 Instrumentation
Reginald Colin, Gérard Mégie and Peter Borrell 1296.1 Introduction: requirements for instrument development 129
6.2 The instrument subprojects within EUROTRAC 131
6.3 Instrument development as part of other subprojects 137
6.4 Positive and negative outcomes of instrument development 139
6.5 Conclusions, recommendations and future needs 142
6.6 References 143
Chapter 7 Policy Applications of the EUROTRAC Results: The Application Project
Peter Borrell, Peter Builtjes, Peringe Grennfelt, Øystein Hov, Roel van Aalst, David Fowler, Gérard Mégie, Nicolas Moussiopoulos, Peter Warneck, Andreas Volz-Thomas, Richard Wayne7.1 The origin of the Application Project 145
7.2 EUROTRAC and the Application Project 146
7.3 Photo-oxidants in Europe: in the free troposphere, in rural and in urban atmospheres 148
7.4 Acidification of soil and water and the atmospheric contribution to nutrient inputs 151
7.5 The contribution of EUROTRAC to the development of tools for the study of tropospheric pollution 153
7.6 Uncertainties in our present knowledge 155
7.7 Further information 156
7.8 References 156
Part II An Overview of the Scientific Work of the Subprojects
Chapter 8 Field Measurements
8.1 ALPTRAC: High Alpine Aerosol and Snow Chemistry Study
Dietmar Wagenbach 160
8.1.1 Aims 160
8.1.2 Principal scientific results 161
8.1.3 Conclusions 170
8.1.4 Further information 171
8.1.5 ALPTRAC: Steering group and principal investigators 172
8.1.6 References 173
8.2 GCE: An Overview of Ground Based Cloud Experiments
Sandro Fuzzi
8.2.1 Introduction 176
8.2.2 Overview of the three GCE joint field experiments 178
8.2.3 Main results obtained within GCE 183
8.2.4 GCE seen in retrospect 195
8.2.5 Further information 196
8.2.6 GCE: Steering group and principal investigators 197
8.2.7 References 198
8.3 TOR: An Overview of Tropospheric Ozone Research
Øystein Hov, Dieter Kley, Andreas Volz-Thomas, Jeannette Beck, Peringe Grennfelt and Stuart A. Penkett
8.3.1 Aims of the subproject 202
8.3.2 Activities 203
8.3.3 Results and conclusions 210
8.3.4 Final remarks 227
8.3.5 Further information 230
8.3.6 TOR: Steering group and principal investigators 231
8.3.7 References 234
8.4 TRACT: Transport of Air Pollutants over Complex Terrain
Franz Fiedler and Peter Borrell
8.4.1 Introduction 239
8.4.2 Aims of the subproject TRACT 239
8.4.3 TRANSALP 241
8.4.4 The TRACT field experiment 245
8.4.5 Emission inventory 252
8.4.6 Modelling activities 253
8.4.7 Observations and results in TRACT 259
8.4.8 Conclusions and reservations 277
8.4.9 Acknowledgements 279
8.4.10 Further information 279
8.4.11 TRACT: Steering group and principal investigators 280
8.4.11 References 281
Chapter 9 Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange
9.1 ASE: An Overview of the Air-Sea Exchange Subproject
Søren Larsen
9.1.1 Introduction 286
9.1.2 Aims of the subproject ASE 286
9.1.3 Principal scientific activities and results 287
9.1.4 Positive and negative aspects of ASE 289
9.1.5 Acknowledgements 289
9.1.6 Further Information 290
9.1.7 ASE: Steering group and principal investigators 290
9.1.8 References 292
9.2 BIATEX: Assessment and Achievements
Sjaak Slanina 294
9.2.1 Introduction 294
9.2.2 Promises versus final products of BIATEX 295
9.2.3 Principal results obtained in BIATEX 298
9.2.4 Why did BIATEX not succeed in some areas? 305
9.2.5 Future developments in atmosphere-biosphere exchange 306
9.2.6 Further information 307
9.2.7 BIATEX: Steering group and principal investigators 308
9.2.8 References 311
Chapter 10 Laboratory Studies
10.1 HALIPP: Heterogeneous and Liquid Phase Processes
Peter Warneck
10.1.1 Summary 313
10.1.2 Aims of HALIPP 314
10.1.3 Highlights of HALIPP activities and achievements 314
10.1.4 Selected results illustrated 317
10.1.5 Assessment of HALIPP achievements 324
10.1.6 Further information 326
10.1.7 HALIPP: Steering group and principal investigators 326
10.1.8 References 328
10.2 LACTOZ: Chemical Processes related to Tropospheric Ozone
Georges Le Bras
10.2.1 Summary 329
10.2.2 Aims and objectives 330
10.2.3 Scientific results 331
10.2.4 Conclusions 337
10.2.5 Further information 339
10.2.6 LACTOZ: Steering group and principal investigators 339
10.2.7 References 342
10.3 CMWG: The Chemical Mechanism Working Group
D. Poppe, M. Kuhn and K.-H. Becker
10.3.1 Introduction 343
10.3.2 EMEP chemical mechanism 343
10.3.3 RADM2 chemical mechanism 344
10.3.4 Chemical mechanism intercomparison 344
10.3.5 References 348
Chapter 11 Modelling and Emissions
11.1 EUMAC: European Modelling of Atmospheric Constituents
Adolf Ebel 352
11.1.1 Summary 352
11.1.2 Aims of the subproject EUMAC 352
11.1.3 Structure of EUMAC 353
11.1.4 Long-range transport modelling 353
11.1.5 Model evaluation 355
11.1.6 Smaller-scale models 359
11.1.7 Chemical mechanisms 362
11.1.8 Clouds 363
11.1.9 Emissions 366
11.1.10 Conclusions 368
11.1.11 Further information 369
11.1.12 EUMAC: Steering group and principal investigators 369
11.1.13 References 371
11.2 GENEMIS: Generation of European Emission Data for Episodes
Rainer Friedrich
11.2.1 Summary 375
11.2.2 Aims of the research 375
11.2.3 Principal scientific results 376
11.2.4 Summary of the results 382
11.2.5 Further information 383
11.2.6 GENEMIS: Steering Group and Principal Investigators 383
11.2.7 References 385
11.3 GLOMAC: An Overview of Global Atmospheric Chemistry Modelling
Henning Rodhe
11.3.1 Summary 387
11.3.2 The original aims of the subproject 388
11.3.3 Principal scientific results 388
11.3.4 Achievements with respect to original aims 397
11.3.5 Further information 398
11.3.6 GLOMAC: Steering group and principal investigators 398
11.3.6 References 398
Chapter 12 Instrument Development
12.1 JETDLAG: Joint European Development of Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy for the Measurement of Atmospheric Trace Gases
David J. Brassington
12.1.1 Introduction 400
12.1.2 JETDLAG aims and history 402
12.1.3 Principal results 403
12.1.4 Achievements 408
12.1.5 Further information 409
12.1.6 JETDLAG: Steering group and principal investigators 409
12.1.7 References 410
12.2 TESLAS: Tropospheric Environmental Studies by Laser Sounding
Jens Bösenberg
12.2.1 Original goals 414
12.2.2 Organisation and activities of the subproject 414
12.2.3 Principal scientific results 416
12.2.4 Conclusions 422
12.2.5 Further information 423
12.2.6 TESLAS: Steering group and principal investigators 423
12.2.7 References 424
12.3 TOPAS: Tropospheric Optical Absorption Spectroscopy
Paul C. Simon
12.3.1 Summary 426
12.3.2 Aims of the TOPAS subproject 427
12.3.3 Activities and principal results 428
12.3.4 Achievements 435
12.3.5 Further information 437
12.3.6 TOPAS: Steering group and principal investigators 437
12.3.7 References 438
Appendix A
Table 1 EUROTRAC Subprojects and Subproject Coordinators
1987 to 1955 441
Table 2 EUROTRAC International Executive Committee
Members 1987 to 1996 443
Table 3 Countries Participating in EUROTRAC 445
Table 4 EUROTRAC Scientific Steering Committee
Members 1986 to 1996 446
Table 5 EUROTRAC International Scientific Secretariat
1986 to 1996 448
Table 6 Chemical Mechanism Working Group
Members 448
Table 7 The Cloud Group
Members 449
Table 8 Application Project
Members 450
Appendix B
EUROTRAC Publications 451
Subject Index