Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange of Pollutants and Trace Substances

Experimental and theoretical studies of biogenic emissions and of pollutant deposition

Sjaak Slanina (Petten) Editor and Coordinator

The biosphere is the ultimate sink for air pollutants, and it is also the source of many precursors for the formation of photo-oxidants. In any analysis of air pollution and for determining source-receptor relationships, reliable emission and pollutant concentrations or depositions must be taken into account, together with their interactions between the atmosphere and the biosphere. This book presents a number of authoritative review articles covering topics which include biosphere - atmosphere exchange of ammonia, nitrogen oxides, ozone and sulfur containing gases, the biological mechanisms involved in the exchange of trace gases, as well as generalisations of deposition over Europe. There are also 37 short contributions that show the diversity of the research in Europe and provide the additional detail necessary for a proper appreciation of the field. The book is volume 4 of the series on Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1

Executive Summary
Sjaak Slanina (Petten)

Chapter 2 Biosphere - Atmosphere Exchange of Ammonia
M.A. Sutton, G.P. Wyers, F.X. Meixner, J.K. Schjørring, J. Kesselmeier, G. Kramm and J.H. Duyzer

Chapter 3 Atmospheric Particles and their Interactions with Natural Surfaces
M. Gallagher, J. Fontan, P. Wyers, W. Ruijgrok, J. Duyzer, P. Hummelshøj, K. Pilegaard and D. Fowler

Chapter 4 Assessment of Dry Deposition and Total Acidifying Loads in Europe
J.W. Erisman and A. van Pul

Chapter 5 Biological Mechanisms involved in the Exchange of Trace Gases
J. Kesselmeier, K. Bode, J.K., Schjørring and R. Conrad

Chapter 6 Atmosphere ö Surface Exchange of Nitrogen Oxides and Ozone
D. Fowler, F.X. Meixner, J.H. Duyzer, G. Kramm and L. Granat

Chapter 7 Exchange of Sulfur Gases between the Biosphere and the Atmosphere
J. Kesselmeier, P. Schröder and J.W. Erisman

Chapter 8 Measurement techniques

8.1 On–line Measurements of Ozone Surface Fluxes: Instrumentation and Methodology
H. Güsten, G. Heinrich, E. Mönnich, D. Sprung and J. Weppner

8.2 Real-time and Non-intrusive Detection of Ambient Ammonia using the Photothermal Deflection Technique
H.S.M. de Vries, F.J.M. Harren, G.P. Wyers, R.P. Otjes, J. Slanina and J. Reuss

8.3 Development of Instrumentation for Concentration Measurements and Surface-Exchange Fluxes of Air Pollutants
G.P. Wyers, R.P. Otjes, A. Wayers, J.J. Möls, A. Khlystov, P.A.C. Jongejan and J. Slanina

Chapter 9 Exchange of Nitrogen Compounds and Oxygen

9.1 Ozone deposition on various surface types
S. Cieslik and A. Labatut.

9.2 Measurements of Dry Deposition Fluxes of Nitrogen Compounds and Ozone
J. Duyzer, H. Weststrate, H. Verhagen, G. Deinum and J. Baak

9.3 Dry Deposition Monitoring of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ over a Coniferous Forest
J.W. Erisman, M. Mennen, J. Hogenkamp, E. Kemkers,D. Goedhart, A. van Pul, G. Draaijers, J. Duyzer and P. Wyers

9.4 Flux of NOx between Atmosphere and Vegetation - Parameterisation of Surface Resistance/Emission
L. Granat, A. Rondon, C. Johansson and R. Janson

9.5 First Emission Inventory of Ammonia in Timis County
E. Lorinczi, A. Ritivoiu and T. Camaroschi

9.6 Surface Exchange of Nitrogen Oxides over Different European Ecosystems
F.X. Meixner, J. Ludwig, H. Müller, F. Böswald and B. Terry

9.7 Measurement of Ambient Concentration and Surface Fluxes of O₃, SO₂ NOx and TSP in Uludag National Park
U Özer and S.G. Tuncel

9.8 Surface Exchange of Ammonia over Grazed Pasture
M.A.H.G. Plantaz, A.T.Vermeulen and G.P. Wyers

9.9 The Speulderbos Experiment 1993 - Experimental and Modelling Results
S. Walton, M. Gallagher, T.W. Choularton, J. Duyzer and K. Pilegaard

Chapter 10 Exchange of Sulfur Compounds and Multi-compound Measurements

10.1 Measurements of Wet and Dry Deposition in Timis County, Romania

10.2 Measurement of Dry Deposition Velocity of Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides above Pine Forest and Low Vegetation in Different Seasons by the Gradient Method
L. Horváth, T. Weidinger, Z. Nagy and Ernó Führer

10.3 Biogenic and Anthropogenic Trace Gas Fluxes between the Atmosphere and a Polluted Mixed Forest of Central Europe
W. Jaeschke, Th. Dietrich, U. Schickedanz and M. Klauer

10.4 Exchange of Reduced Sulfur Compounds between the Biosphere and the Atmosphere
J. Kesselmeier, U. Bartell, S. Blezinger, W. Conze, C. Gries, C. Hilse, R. Hofmann, U. Hofmann, A. Hubert, U. Kuhn, F. Meixner, L. Merk, T.H. Nash III, G. Protoschill-Krebs, F. Velmecke, C. Wilhelm and M.O. Andreae

Chapter 11 Biogenic VOC Emissions

11.1 Exchange of Short Chained Organic Acids between the Biosphere and the Atmosphere
J. Kesselmeier, C. Ammann, J. Beck, K. Bode, R. Gabriel, U. Hofmann, G. Helas, U. Kuhn, F.X. Meixner, Th. Rausch, L. Schäfer, D. Weller and M.O. Andreae

11.2 Forest Emissions of Hydrocarbons
C. Pio, T. Nunes and A. Valente

11.3 Investigations on Emissions of Low Molecular Weight Compounds (C2-C10) from Vegetation
R. Steinbrecher, J. Hahn, K. Stahl, G. Eichstädter, K. Lederle, R. Rabong, A.-M. Schreiner and J. Slemr

11.4 Monoterpene and Isoprene Emission in Norway Spruce Forests
R. Steinbrecher, H. Ziegler, G. Eichstädter, U. Fehsenfeld, R. Gabriel, Ch. Kolb, R. Rabong, R. Schönwitz and W. Schürmann

11.5 Emissions of VOCs from Stressed and Unstressed Vegetation
R.A. Street, S.C. Duckham, C. Boissard and C.N. Hewitt

11.6 Isoprenoïc Compounds: Emission and Atmospheric Concentration Measurements

Chapter 12 Exchange of Particles

12.1 Vertical Flux Measurements of the Submicronic Aerosol Particles and Parametrisation of the Dry Deposition Velocity
J. Fontan, A. Lopez, E. Lamaud and A. Druilhet

12.2 Measurements of Fluxes of Particles, Ozone, Nitrogen Oxides and Carbon Dioxide to Coniferous and Deciduous Forest
K. Pilegaard, P. Hummelshøj, N. O. Jensen and L. Kristensen

12.3 Sulfate Dry Deposition Measurements over Low Vegetation and in a Forested Area
M.L. Sánchez, M.J. Domínguez and R. Rodríguez

Chapter 13 Mechanistic Studies

13.1 Emission of Gaseous Hydrocarbons and NH₃ out of Soils
P. Boeckx, A. Vermoesen and O. Van Cleemput

13.2 Uptake and Distribution of NO₂ in Norway Spruce (Picea Abies [L.] Karst.)
Ch. Brunold, P. von Ballmoos, S. Nussbaum, M. Ammann, M. Stalder, U.P. Schlunegger and H. Gfeller

13.3 Mechanisms of Release of NOx and COS from Soil and Soil Micro-organisms
R. Conrad

13.4 The Chemical Behaviour and Deposition of Ammonium Nitrate, Nitric Acid and Ammonia
R. Dlugi, L. Kins, Th. Seiler, W. Seidl, P. Seifert, A. Kasper, H. Sievering, M. Zelger, E. Köhler and K. Reußwig

13.5 Studies on Deposition, Emission and Chemical Transformation above and within Tall Vegetation
R. Dlugi, L. Kins, D. Köhler, E. Köhler, K. Reußwig, J. Reuder, . G. Roider, K. Ruoss, J. Schween and M. Zelger

13.6 Studies on Exchange Processes of Momentum, Energy and Matter above and within Tall Vegetation
R. Dlugi, M. Zelger, J. Schween, Th. Seiler, Th. Foken, G. Inclan and R. Forkel

13.7 Ammonia Exchange between Terrestrial Plants and the Atmosphere Controlled by Plant Physiology:Compensation Point and CO₂ Exchange
F.X. Meixner, M. Bliefernicht, G. Helas, J. Kesselmeier, P.G. Wyers and M.O. Andreae

13.8 Photolysis Frequencies of Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone: Measurements and Model Calculations
J. Reuder, T. Gori, A. Ruggaber, L. Kins and R. Dlugi

Chapter 14 Modelling and Validation

14.1 Dry Deposition Inferential Measurement in a Rural Region of Northern Italy
C. Cavicchioli, G. Manzi, G. Catenacci, G. Brusasca and M. Borgarello

14.2 Improvement and Validation of the Throughfall Technique for Nitrogen Deposition Measurements to Forest Ecosystems
M. Ferm

14.3 Modelling the Uptake and Metabolisation of Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone by Plant Leaves
G.H. Kohlmaier, P. Ramge, M. Plöchl and F. Badeck

14.4 Experimental and Modelling Studies of the Deposition Processes in South European Ecosystems
R. San José, A. García and H. Casado

Chapter 15 BIATEX Publications: 1988 - 1995