Cloud Multi-phase Processes and High Alpine Air and Snow Chemistry

Ground-based cloud experiments and pollutant deposition in the high Alps

Sandro Fuzzi (Bologna) and Dietmar Wagenbach (Heidelberg) Editors

Among the chemical and physical processes involved in the transformation of pollutants between their sources and their ultimate deposition, those associated with clouds, aerosols and precipitation must be rated as the most difficult both to study and to understand. This book presents a variety of recent advances in this field, including the properties and composition of aerosol particles, chemical transformation and scavenging processes, the relationship between liquid-phase chemistry and cloud micro-physics, entrainment, evaporation and deposition, trends in high Alpine pollution, transport processes, and developments in instrumentation. The book is volume 5 in the ten volume series on Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere.

Chapter 1. GCE: an Overview
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Overview of the Three GCE Joint Field Experiments

Chapter 2. Principal Results from GCE
2.1. Size Distribution, Hygroscopic Properties and Chemical Composition of Aerosol Particles
2.2. Nucleation Scavenging
2.3. Other in-Cloud Particle Scavenging Processes
2.4. Scavenging of Gases
2.5. Cloud Droplet Liquid-Phase Chemistry and its Dependence on Cloud Microphysics
2.6. Effect of Entrainment on Cloud Chemistry and Microphysics
2.7. Evaporating Clouds
2.8. Cloud Droplet Deposition
2.9. Instrument Development and Testing within GCE

Chapter 3. GCE in Retrospective
3.1. Meeting the Original Goals of GCE
3.2. The Importance of Integrated Field Work, Instrumental Development and Modelling
3.3. Airborne Measurements as a Complement to Ground-Based Investigations
3.4. Joint Evaluation and Dissemination of GCE Results

Chapter 4. Future Directions for Cloud Research
4.1. Effect of Anthropogenic Activity on Aerosol Population
4.2. Haze
4.3. The Ice Phase of Clouds
4.4. Oxidised Nitrogen Chemistry
4.5. Organic Chemistry within Clouds
4.6. Clouds and Oxidising Capacity of the Atmosphere
4.7. Radiative Properties of Clouds
4.8. Instrumentation Needs for the Future
4.9. Need for Aircraft Measurements

Chapter 5. Individual Reports from GCE Principal Investigators

5.1. Field and Wind Tunnel Experiments in Clouds and Fog by ECN
B.G. Arends, G.P.A. Kos and H.J. Möls

5.2. Study of Interstitial Aerosol
A. Berner, I. Solly and C. Kruisz

5.3. Formation and Reactivity of Aerosols
M. Bizjak, A. Berner, I. Grgic*, B. Divjak, V. Hudnik, É. Kozak-Legiûa and M. Poje

5.4. Field and Modelling Studies of Cloud Chemical Processes
T. Choularton, M.W. Gallagher, K.N. Bower and R.N Colvile

5.5. The Multiphase Chemistry of Clouds and Fog
S. Fuzzi, M.C. Facchini, G. Orsi and P. Laj

5.6. A Single Particle Approach to Characterising Droplet Residues and Interstitial Particles
R. Gieray, T. Engelhardt and P.A. Wieser

5.7. Partitioning of Aerosol Particles Between Droplets and Interstitial Air
A. Hallberg, K.J. Noone and J.A. Ogren

5.8. Influence of the Chemical Composition of the Atmospheric Particles on Fog and Cloud Formation
H-C Hansson, I.B. Svenningsson, E. Swietlicki, A. Widensohler, B.G. Martinsson and G. Frank

5.9. The Dynamic Behaviour of Pollutants in Fog and Captive Clouds
W. Jaeschke, H.W. Georgii, D. Schell, M. Preiss, R. Maser and W. Wobrock

5.10. The Role of Nitrophenols in Cloud Chemistry
K. Levsen and J. LÄttke

5.11. A Droplet Aerosol Analysing System for Cloud Studies
B.G. Martinsson, S.I. Cederfelt, H.C. Hansson and G. Frank

5.12. Study of the Interaction of Photo-oxidants and Acidic Components between Gas and Liquid Phase
D. Möller, K. Acker, W. Wieprecht and R. Auel

5.13. Input of Trace Substances to High Elevation Forests by Cloud Water Interception
P. Winkler and S. Pahl

Chapter 6. GCE Publications 1990-1996

Chapter 7. An Introduction to ALPTRAC Research
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Some Observations and Trends in High Alpine Pollution

Chapter 8. Aims and Internal Structure of ALPTRAC

Chapter 9. Principal Scientific Results
9.1. Pollution Levels in High Alpine areas
9.2. Seasonal Changes in Pollution Levels
9.3. Mechanisms: Chemical Transformation and Scavenging
9.4. Transport Processes and Source Areas
9.5. Long-Term Trends
9.6. Instrumentation Developments
9.7. Conclusions

Individual Reports from ALPTRAC Principal Investigators

Chapter 10. High Alpine Snow Pack Chemistry

10.1. Accumulation of Pollutants and Nutrients in the Snow Pack at High Altitudes along a North-South Transect in the Eastern Alps
M. Kuhn and U. Nickus

10.2. Stable Isotope Ratio of Sulfur, Nitrogen and Carbon as Pollution Tracers for Atmospheric Constituents
F. Pichlmayer and K. Blochberger

10.3. Accumulation of Acidic Components in Two Snowfields in the Sonnblick Region

Chapter 11. Long-Term Pollution Trends

11.1. Retrospective and Present State of Anthropogenic Aerosol Deposition at a High Altitude Alpine Glacier (Colle Gnifetti, 4450. m a.s.l.)
D. Wagenbach, K. Geis, K. Hebestreit, S. Preunkert, J. SchÉfer, R. Schajor, V. Ulshûfer and P. Weddeling

Chapter 12. High Alpine Air, Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry

12.1. Segregation of Hydrometeors
A. Berner and C. Kruisz

12.2. Transport, Scavenging and Deposition Studies of Air Pollutants at High-Alpine Sites
H.W. Gäggeler, M. Schwikowski, U. Baltensperger and D.T. Jost

12.3. Alpine Aerosol and Snow Chemistry Study at the Sonnblick Observatory (Austria, 3106. m a.s.l.)
H. Puxbaum, B. Brantner, H. Fierlinger, M. F. Kalina, A. Kasper, S.ÊPaleczek and W. Winiwarter

12.4. Aerosol and Hydrometeor Concentrations and their Chemical Composition during Winter Precipitation along a Mountain Slope (Mt.ÊRigi, Switzerland)
J. Staehelin and A. Waldvogel

Chapter 13. Meteorological Support to ALPTRAC

13.1. Meteorological Support Study (SNOWMET)
H. Kromp-Kolb, P. Seibert and W. Schöner

Chapter 14. ALPTRAC Publications 1988-1996