Photo-oxidants, Acidification and Tools; Policy Applications of EUROTRAC results

The Report of the EUROTRAC Application Project

Peter Borrell, Peter Builtjes, Peringe Grennfelt, Øystein Hov, Coordinator and Conveners

Members
Roel van Aalst, David Fowler, Gérard Mégie, Nicolas Moussiopoulos, Peter Warneck, Andreas Volz-Thomas, Richard Wayne

The major environmental concerns in the troposphere are the increasing burden of photo-oxidants on all scales, the acidification of soil and water, and the atmospheric contribution to nutrient inputs to ecosystems. This book assimilates the many scientific results from the EUROTRAC project about the state of the troposphere over Europe on local, regional and global scales, and presents them in a form suitable for use by those responsible for environmental planning and management in Europe. The findings and conclusions illustrate the complexities which face both environmental policy makers, seeking to find ways to abate pollution on a regional scale, and scientists, wishing to study and understand the scientific problems. The book is volume 10 of the series on Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere

List of Participating scientists
Authors' Addresses
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Introduction

Chapter 1. Executive Summary

Chapter 2. Environmental Problems, Policies and EUROTRAC

2.1. The Atmosphere as a Recipient and Transport Medium for Pollutants

2.2. Environmental Problems
2.2.1. Environmental problems covered by EUROTRAC
2.2.2. Photochemical oxidant effects
2.2.3. Acidification and eutrophication
2.2.4. Links to global effects

2.3. Policies
2.3.1. Policies used to combat regional air pollution
2.3.2. Policies used to combat global problems

2.4. EUROTRAC and its Application Project
2.4.1. EUROTRAC: the successful scientific programme
2.4.2. The Application Project (AP)
2.4.3. The organisation of the Application Project report

2.5. Acknowledgements

2.6. References

Chapter 3. Photo-oxidants

3.1. Environmental Policy Issues Related to Photo-oxidants

3.2. Scientific Findings of Importance for Environmental Policy
3.2.1. Trends in photo-oxidant concentrations
3.2.2. Emissions
3.2.3. Processes influencing the concentration of photo-oxidants
3.2.4. Local and urban photo-oxidants
3.2.5. Regional or continental photo-oxidants
3.2.6. Photo-oxidants on a global scale

3.3. Applications and Importance for Environmental Policy, Potential for Applications
3.3.1. Local and urban photo-oxidants
3.3.2. Regional or continental photo-oxidants
3.3.3. Photo-oxidants on the global scale

3.4. References

Chapter 4. Acidification and Deposition of Nutrients

4.1 . Environmental policy issues related to acidic deposition and deposition of nutrients

4.2 . Scientific Assessment - Issues and Highlights
4.2.1. Emissions
4.2.2. Atmospheric processes
4.2.3. Non-linearities in source-receptor relationships
4.2.4. Deposition

4.3. Applications and Implications for Policies
4.3.1. Quantification of emissions
4.3.2. Cloud chemistry
4.3.3. Atmospheric deposition
4.3.4. The development and application of source-receptor models for policy
4.3.5. The influence of sulphate aerosols on the radiation balance

4.4. Conclusions. Future Potential for Applications
4.4.1. Gaps in knowledge - uncertainties
4.4.2. Needs for improvements of application models etc.

4.5. References

Chapter 5. Contribution of EUROTRAC to the Development of Tools for the Study of Environmentally Relevant Trace Constituents

5.1. Introduction
5.1.1. Instruments
5.1.2. Laboratory studies
5.1.3. Models
5.1.4. Further tools

5.2. Instruments
5.2.1. Instrument development within EUROTRAC
5.2.2. Instrument subprojects within EUROTRAC
5.2.3. Instrument development in the experimental subprojects
5.2.4. Some reflections on instrument development within EUROTRAC
5.2.5. Conclusions and recommendations

5.3. Laboratory Studies
5.3.1. Laboratory studies and their scope
5.3.2. Some highlights of the scientific advances concerned with photo-oxidants
5.3.3. Some highlights of the scientific advances concerned with heterogeneous chemistry
5.3.4. Incorporation of laboratory results into simulation model
5.3.5. Development of laboratory techniques within the programmes
5.3.6. Needs for the future

5.4. Models
5.4.1. Introduction
5.4.2. Regional simulation models
5.4.3. Urban simulation models
5.4.4. Simulation models on a global scale
5.4.5. Validation of simulation models
5.4.6. Process-oriented models
5.4.7. Conclusions and recommendations for future applications

5.5. Other Tools
5.5.1. Databases from field experiments
5.5.2. Emission and land-use databases
5.5.3. Monitoring networks
5.5.4. Hidden tools
5.5.5. A network of scientists

5.6. References

Appendices

A. The Application Project Description
B. The EUROTRAC subprojects with their aims